Respected Sir,
Subject: Application For Plot Loan
It is respectfully stated that I belong to [city name] and living here with family in rented home,It is very difficult to live on rent due to changing homes frequently.
So, I am planning to purchase a plot of 10 marlain new developed [city name] situated on mount road. The cost of land is about Rs 18,75,000. I have saved some money but it is Rs 500,000 short. I request you to give me a loan of Rs 500,000 and deduct Rs 20,000 from my salary.
I will be very thankful to you
Spoken English Part 6
USING “a” AND “an”
“a” and “an” are the same article which is “ indefinite article”. Although they are used for same purpose in a sentence, there are some similarities and differences in using of them.
“a” and “an” are the same article which is “ indefinite article”. Although they are used for same purpose in a sentence, there are some similarities and differences in using of them.
Using “a”:
1. “a” is used in front of singular countable nouns ( a person, animal or thing ) which are not specific.
In other words;
When we use “a”, we do not talk about a specific thing or item. We mention any one of items. It doesn’t matter which one it is.
Examples:
a train ( we do not talk about a specific train. We mention any one of trains )
a window
a cat
2. “a” is not used with plural countable or uncountable nouns.
Examples:
a love ( wrong ) love ( correct )
a football ( wrong ) football ( correct )
a money ( wrong ) money ( correct )
3. If a noun starts with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, etc.), “a” is used before the noun.
Examples:
a dentist
a country
a mountain
4. If a noun starts with a vowel letter, but it’s pronanciation ( sound of the word ) starts with a consonant, ‘a’ is used.
Examples:
a university ( “u” sound like yu )
a European ( “e” sound like y )
a uniform ( “u” sound like yu )
Attention!!
In english, sounds of the words are important for using articles “a/an”. The sounds are significant, not the letters.
5. If a noun include adjective or adverb starting with a consonant sound, “a” is used
Examples:
a nice movie
a successful man
a universal language ( “u” sound like yu )
Using “an”:
1. “an” is used in front of singular countable nouns ( a person, animal or thing ) which are not specific.
In other words;
When we use “an”, we do not talk about a specific thing or item. We mention any one of items. It doesn’t matter which one it is. ( Same usage with “a” / Similarity )
Examples:
an airport ( we do not talk about a specific airport. We mention any one of airports )
an iceberg
an election
2. “an” is not used with plural countable or uncountable nouns. ( Same usage with “a” / Similarity )
Examples:
an education ( wrong ) education ( correct )
an equipment ( wrong ) equipment ( correct )
an information ( wrong ) information ( correct )
3. If a noun starts with a vowel sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, etc.), “an” is used before the noun.
( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an umbrella
an ice cream
an inspector
4. If a noun starts with a consonant letter, but it’s pronanciation ( sound of the word ) starts with a vowel, ‘an’ is used. ( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an hour ( “h” is silent )
an ‘N’ letter ( “f” sound like en )
an x-ray ( “x” sound like ex )
Attention!!
In english, sounds of the words are important for using articles “a/an”. The sounds are significant, not the letters.
5. If a noun include adjective or adverb starting with a vowel sound, “an” is used. ( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an interesting book
an unusual sport
an honest man ( “h” is silent )
1. “a” is used in front of singular countable nouns ( a person, animal or thing ) which are not specific.
In other words;
When we use “a”, we do not talk about a specific thing or item. We mention any one of items. It doesn’t matter which one it is.
Examples:
a train ( we do not talk about a specific train. We mention any one of trains )
a window
a cat
2. “a” is not used with plural countable or uncountable nouns.
Examples:
a love ( wrong ) love ( correct )
a football ( wrong ) football ( correct )
a money ( wrong ) money ( correct )
3. If a noun starts with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, etc.), “a” is used before the noun.
Examples:
a dentist
a country
a mountain
4. If a noun starts with a vowel letter, but it’s pronanciation ( sound of the word ) starts with a consonant, ‘a’ is used.
Examples:
a university ( “u” sound like yu )
a European ( “e” sound like y )
a uniform ( “u” sound like yu )
Attention!!
In english, sounds of the words are important for using articles “a/an”. The sounds are significant, not the letters.
5. If a noun include adjective or adverb starting with a consonant sound, “a” is used
Examples:
a nice movie
a successful man
a universal language ( “u” sound like yu )
Using “an”:
1. “an” is used in front of singular countable nouns ( a person, animal or thing ) which are not specific.
In other words;
When we use “an”, we do not talk about a specific thing or item. We mention any one of items. It doesn’t matter which one it is. ( Same usage with “a” / Similarity )
Examples:
an airport ( we do not talk about a specific airport. We mention any one of airports )
an iceberg
an election
2. “an” is not used with plural countable or uncountable nouns. ( Same usage with “a” / Similarity )
Examples:
an education ( wrong ) education ( correct )
an equipment ( wrong ) equipment ( correct )
an information ( wrong ) information ( correct )
3. If a noun starts with a vowel sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, etc.), “an” is used before the noun.
( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an umbrella
an ice cream
an inspector
4. If a noun starts with a consonant letter, but it’s pronanciation ( sound of the word ) starts with a vowel, ‘an’ is used. ( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an hour ( “h” is silent )
an ‘N’ letter ( “f” sound like en )
an x-ray ( “x” sound like ex )
Attention!!
In english, sounds of the words are important for using articles “a/an”. The sounds are significant, not the letters.
5. If a noun include adjective or adverb starting with a vowel sound, “an” is used. ( Different usage with “a” / Dissimilarity )
Examples:
an interesting book
an unusual sport
an honest man ( “h” is silent )
A letter to bank manager requesting bank loan of Rs.25 Lakhs to buy a piece of property
From
Emil Ipe
Mundackal house
kanjikuzhy
Kottayam(DT)-686001.
To
The Bank Manager,
HDFC Bank,
ML.Road,
Kottayam(DT)-686011.
Dear officer,
I am writing this letter to request for a personal loan of 25 lakh from your bank.I need the loan to buy a piece of land.
I have decided to keep another land as security and also I have calculated to pay off the loan over a period of 10 years.
I am currently working as an engineer at Wipro technologies pvt ltd.I have been working there for last 10 years.You can contact them at 0422-2393451 to verify that I am working there as a permanent employ.
I have also included the copies of bank statement for the last one year and also the salary details from my company.
I will be very thankful if you could consider me for a loan of 25 lakh over a period of 10 years.I am ready to come to your bank.
Yours sincerely,
EMIL IPE
999998888
EMIL IPE
999998888
Business Introductory letter
A Business Introductory letter is written by a company that is new to
the community and wishes to enhance its presence by a business
introductory letter. This letter can be sent out to almost any
individual or company relating important information about the scope of
business and services offered.
From:
Patricia J. Dupuis
Manager
People’s Grocer
2743 Upton Avenue
Fryeburg, ME 04037
February 12, 2011
To:
Brooke P. Martin
1931 Park Boulevard
Fryeburg, ME 12337
Dear Valued Customer
RE: Business Introduction
I am pleased to announce the opening of People’s Grocer at the corner of Upton and Park Boulevard for your daily marketing convenience.
This grocery store is your neighborhood grocer that will provide fresh produce daily for you and your family’s nutritious needs. We guaranteed best prices on all our fresh produce. There will also be canned products and juices for your total diet needs. Your pets’ needs will not be forgotten at People’s Grocer, which aims to be your one-stop marketing needs.
Please feel free to view our latest daily offerings at our website: www.sample.com or call us at our toll-free number: (1800) 298-9200-239. We shall be pleased to hear your comments.
We also invite you to our official opening on February 15, 2011, at 8-10am where loads of special offers await the early birds.
Your friendly neighborhood grocer,
People’s Grocer
Patricia J. Dupuis
Manager
People’s Grocer
2743 Upton Avenue
Fryeburg, ME 04037
February 12, 2011
To:
Brooke P. Martin
1931 Park Boulevard
Fryeburg, ME 12337
Dear Valued Customer
RE: Business Introduction
I am pleased to announce the opening of People’s Grocer at the corner of Upton and Park Boulevard for your daily marketing convenience.
This grocery store is your neighborhood grocer that will provide fresh produce daily for you and your family’s nutritious needs. We guaranteed best prices on all our fresh produce. There will also be canned products and juices for your total diet needs. Your pets’ needs will not be forgotten at People’s Grocer, which aims to be your one-stop marketing needs.
Please feel free to view our latest daily offerings at our website: www.sample.com or call us at our toll-free number: (1800) 298-9200-239. We shall be pleased to hear your comments.
We also invite you to our official opening on February 15, 2011, at 8-10am where loads of special offers await the early birds.
Your friendly neighborhood grocer,
People’s Grocer
Business Change of Address Letter
A business change of address letter is written by a company that has
relocated and needs to inform its clients, suppliers and business
associates of its new address to ensure a continuing business. The
letter can be simple but formal to show professionalism as well as
having clarity so that the recipient can identify the new address to
make contact with the sender.
From:
Mohr’s Fine Arts
4434 Ridge Drive
Las Vegas, NV 89109
February 12, 2011
To:
Whom It May Concern
Dear Sir / Madam
RE: Change of Business Address
This letter is to inform you that Mohr’s Fine Arts has moved to a new and bigger location to serve you better. It is just at the corner of Ridge Drive and Hickory Street. It is a bright yellow two-story building that is hard to miss.
You will find our new premises at the above address cosier and more spacious while enjoying the new art pieces that are the most varied choice due to the extra space and design at this new premise. I am sure you will be delighted with many new collections that were brought in recently.
All future businesses of Mohr’s Fine Arts will be conducted at this new premise, at the address above. Thank you for taking note of the change of address.
Respectfully,
Mohr’s Fine Arts management
Mohr’s Fine Arts
4434 Ridge Drive
Las Vegas, NV 89109
February 12, 2011
To:
Whom It May Concern
Dear Sir / Madam
RE: Change of Business Address
This letter is to inform you that Mohr’s Fine Arts has moved to a new and bigger location to serve you better. It is just at the corner of Ridge Drive and Hickory Street. It is a bright yellow two-story building that is hard to miss.
You will find our new premises at the above address cosier and more spacious while enjoying the new art pieces that are the most varied choice due to the extra space and design at this new premise. I am sure you will be delighted with many new collections that were brought in recently.
All future businesses of Mohr’s Fine Arts will be conducted at this new premise, at the address above. Thank you for taking note of the change of address.
Respectfully,
Mohr’s Fine Arts management
Business Correspondence Letter
A business correspondence letter is written between companies to keep
in touch with business affairs with one another. The contents of a
business correspondence letter would typically be related to business
transactions and dealings between the companies that would require a
good communication to foster healthy work relationships.
From:
Mary S. Varney
Secretary, Production Department
Unicorn Trading Enterprise
984 Fine Street
Red Bank, NJ 89000
February 10, 2011
To:
Angela Morris
Accounts Manager
Silver Lakes Industry
1115 Crystal Avenue
Burlington, MA 19900
Dear Ms. Angela
RE: Confirmation of Appointment
I am writing on behalf of Mr. Hans Locklear, Production Manager of Unicorn Trading Enterprise. I have been asked to confirm his appointment with you tomorrow afternoon at 3 pm at your office to discuss the following matters:
1)Outstanding payment by Silver Lakes Industry for the last quarter.
2)Amendments to payment terms and conditions
This appointment was made by yourself last week. I am confirming Mr. Locklear’s availability now. He will be at your office at 3 pm.
Should there be any changes to this appointment, kindly notify me as soon as possible. Your kind cooperation is appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Mary S. Varney
Secretary, Production Department
Unicorn Trading Enterprise
Mary S. Varney
Secretary, Production Department
Unicorn Trading Enterprise
984 Fine Street
Red Bank, NJ 89000
February 10, 2011
To:
Angela Morris
Accounts Manager
Silver Lakes Industry
1115 Crystal Avenue
Burlington, MA 19900
Dear Ms. Angela
RE: Confirmation of Appointment
I am writing on behalf of Mr. Hans Locklear, Production Manager of Unicorn Trading Enterprise. I have been asked to confirm his appointment with you tomorrow afternoon at 3 pm at your office to discuss the following matters:
1)Outstanding payment by Silver Lakes Industry for the last quarter.
2)Amendments to payment terms and conditions
This appointment was made by yourself last week. I am confirming Mr. Locklear’s availability now. He will be at your office at 3 pm.
Should there be any changes to this appointment, kindly notify me as soon as possible. Your kind cooperation is appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Mary S. Varney
Secretary, Production Department
Unicorn Trading Enterprise
Letter of intent business
A letter of intent business is a formal letter that indicates the
desire of the sender to strike some business collaboration with the
recipient. The letter should politely state the intentions of the sender
which is to propose some business dealings with the recipient. The
business proposal should be beneficial to the recipient for his
favorable response.
From:
Brian A. Habib
Managing Director
Fullers Sports Equipment
4250 Elk Creek Road
Jonesboro, GA 30236
January 15, 2011
To:
Panini Clothing & Trends
4780 Davisson Street
Centerville, IN 47330
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Re: Letter of Intent
Please allow me to introduce myself. I am the Managing Director of the newly established Fullers Sports Equipment on Elk Creek Road, at the corner of Elk Creek and Riley Road.
Although this is a new establishment, I am proud to introduce Fuller’s quality sportswear for your esteemed company’s consideration. All of Fullers’ sportswear are of the high quality material that is comfortable and lasting. Wearers will not be hindered in their movements in any sports.
I believe that your esteemed company would like to carry some Fullers’ sportswear for your customers’ consideration. Fullers Sports Equipment is ready to discuss the business collaboration terms and conditions with Panini Clothing & Trends at your convenience. You will find our terms of collaboration very attractive.
I look forward to your call for an amiable discussion to pursue our business collaboration, which will benefit both parties.
Yours truly,
Brian A. Habib
Managing Director
Fullers Sports Equipment
Brian A. Habib
Managing Director
Fullers Sports Equipment
4250 Elk Creek Road
Jonesboro, GA 30236
January 15, 2011
To:
Panini Clothing & Trends
4780 Davisson Street
Centerville, IN 47330
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Re: Letter of Intent
Please allow me to introduce myself. I am the Managing Director of the newly established Fullers Sports Equipment on Elk Creek Road, at the corner of Elk Creek and Riley Road.
Although this is a new establishment, I am proud to introduce Fuller’s quality sportswear for your esteemed company’s consideration. All of Fullers’ sportswear are of the high quality material that is comfortable and lasting. Wearers will not be hindered in their movements in any sports.
I believe that your esteemed company would like to carry some Fullers’ sportswear for your customers’ consideration. Fullers Sports Equipment is ready to discuss the business collaboration terms and conditions with Panini Clothing & Trends at your convenience. You will find our terms of collaboration very attractive.
I look forward to your call for an amiable discussion to pursue our business collaboration, which will benefit both parties.
Yours truly,
Brian A. Habib
Managing Director
Fullers Sports Equipment
Business Appreciation Letter
A Business Appreciation letter is written by a company that wishes to
show its appreciation to its business partners, associates or customers
for their loyal patronage. A business appreciation letter is a good
gesture from a company that wants to maintain a good relationship with
its business partners or customers.
From:
Danny Blair
Senior Manager
Radisson Hotel Resort
1021 Cherry Tree Drive
Jacksonville, FL 32216
January 20, 2011
To:
Wendy A. Shields
Secretary
Golden Harvest Industry
3661 Crimson Lane
Fairborn, OH 45324
Dear Ms. Shields
RE: Thank you for your Business
On behalf of Radisson Hotel Resorts, we are pleased to be your business associates for the past year, 2010. Radisson Hotel is delighted to have serviced you and your colleagues for the many functions and events which you have chosen Radisson Hotel.
We hope that we can continue to enjoy your kind patronage this year. We have many special promotions for your upcoming events or functions. Our ballroom has been renovated to improve its ambiance for your meetings.
We look forward to service you and your company more this year so that we can pass on more offers and privileges to your enjoyment.
Thank you.
Sincerely yours,
Danny Blair
Senior Manager
Radisson Hotel Resort
Danny Blair
Senior Manager
Radisson Hotel Resort
1021 Cherry Tree Drive
Jacksonville, FL 32216
January 20, 2011
To:
Wendy A. Shields
Secretary
Golden Harvest Industry
3661 Crimson Lane
Fairborn, OH 45324
Dear Ms. Shields
RE: Thank you for your Business
On behalf of Radisson Hotel Resorts, we are pleased to be your business associates for the past year, 2010. Radisson Hotel is delighted to have serviced you and your colleagues for the many functions and events which you have chosen Radisson Hotel.
We hope that we can continue to enjoy your kind patronage this year. We have many special promotions for your upcoming events or functions. Our ballroom has been renovated to improve its ambiance for your meetings.
We look forward to service you and your company more this year so that we can pass on more offers and privileges to your enjoyment.
Thank you.
Sincerely yours,
Danny Blair
Senior Manager
Radisson Hotel Resort
Business Offer letter
A business offer letter is a business letter written by a company to
its client on a particular business promotion. The letter should contain
the details of the business promotion written in an appealing form to
attract or intrigue the recipient to check out the business offer. It
should be well written for positive impact.
From:
Sally Stoner
Promotions Department
New World Florist
4296 Granger Avenue
Clinton, OK 73600
February 1, 2011
Dear Sir/Madam
RE: Valentine’s Day Offer
If you value the love of your life, show him/her your true affections that can be expressed from New World Florist recommendations. In conjunction with Valentine’s Day, New World Florist has brought in many unique and adorable designs and creations, not only in flora and fauna forms but also in fashionable designs that you must check out.
You can view these latest offers at New World Florist’s website at www.sample.com at your convenience, but caution! The cat’s out of the bag! These offers are being grabbed very fast. Don’t miss this exciting offer as Valentine’s Day is fast approaching.
Deliveries within a 5km radius are free with a minimum $50 purchase. We invite you to drop in anytime from 8 am to 8 pm daily, until Valentine’s Day, February 14, 2011.
Make your loved one’s Valentine’s Day special with a delightful gift from New World Florist.
New World Florist
Sally Stoner
Promotions Department
New World Florist
4296 Granger Avenue
Clinton, OK 73600
February 1, 2011
Dear Sir/Madam
RE: Valentine’s Day Offer
If you value the love of your life, show him/her your true affections that can be expressed from New World Florist recommendations. In conjunction with Valentine’s Day, New World Florist has brought in many unique and adorable designs and creations, not only in flora and fauna forms but also in fashionable designs that you must check out.
You can view these latest offers at New World Florist’s website at www.sample.com at your convenience, but caution! The cat’s out of the bag! These offers are being grabbed very fast. Don’t miss this exciting offer as Valentine’s Day is fast approaching.
Deliveries within a 5km radius are free with a minimum $50 purchase. We invite you to drop in anytime from 8 am to 8 pm daily, until Valentine’s Day, February 14, 2011.
Make your loved one’s Valentine’s Day special with a delightful gift from New World Florist.
New World Florist
Business Reference letter
A Business Reference letter is written to promote or favor the
products and services of a company to another individual or company. It
is a common practice for many to recommend the products or services of a
company which has been proven or it could be a favor done for the
company recommended.
From:
Sarah McDonald
61 Honey Street
Fairdale, ND 46629
May 28, 2010
To:
Deborah J. Houle
3525-A Avenue
Edmonton, AB T5J 0K7
Dear Deborah
RE: Business Reference
How are you? My family and I are fine. I heard that you are looking for a good caterer for your daughter’s upcoming wedding in August.
Allow me to recommend TopQuality Caterer whom I used personally for all my catering needs. I first started using them for our family get-togethers before moving to church gatherings and community functions with them.
TopQuality Caterer is adept to small or big group orders. Their service has been impeccable and their food delectable; they cater for lunches, teas or dinners. Their pricing is reasonable, and there is a further discount for repeated orders of their service.
I understand that they have a branch in your vicinity which is the reason I recommended them to you. If you mention my name, you may get a discount too! All the best to you in your planning for Wendy’s wedding.
Best regards
Your friend,
Sarah McDonald
Sarah McDonald
61 Honey Street
Fairdale, ND 46629
May 28, 2010
To:
Deborah J. Houle
3525-A Avenue
Edmonton, AB T5J 0K7
Dear Deborah
RE: Business Reference
How are you? My family and I are fine. I heard that you are looking for a good caterer for your daughter’s upcoming wedding in August.
Allow me to recommend TopQuality Caterer whom I used personally for all my catering needs. I first started using them for our family get-togethers before moving to church gatherings and community functions with them.
TopQuality Caterer is adept to small or big group orders. Their service has been impeccable and their food delectable; they cater for lunches, teas or dinners. Their pricing is reasonable, and there is a further discount for repeated orders of their service.
I understand that they have a branch in your vicinity which is the reason I recommended them to you. If you mention my name, you may get a discount too! All the best to you in your planning for Wendy’s wedding.
Best regards
Your friend,
Sarah McDonald
Business Letter Form
A business letter is always formal in structure as it reflects or
serves to convey the professionalism of the company sending the business
letter. It should address the recipient’s name, title and company name
and address at the top of the letter after the sender’s contact
information. The date of letter should be stated for reference
purposes. The contents can be anything that is business related and
professionally written. Below is an example.
From:
Pamela Brooks
Sales Manager
Universal Furniture Products
4434 Hickory Ridge Drive
Las Vegas, NV 89109
February 12, 2011
To:
Jack C. Watkins
Products Manager
Far East Retailers
3156 Harley Brook Lane
Johnstown, PA 15901
Dear Sir
RE: Product Promotion
Thank you for using Universal Furniture Products.
I am pleased to inform you of Universal’s upcoming furniture promotions. As one of Universal’s loyal clients, we would want you to be the first few to enjoy the specials that we are offering as the new stock comes in from Europe.
The promotion will feature settees, love sofas, bedroom sets, and studio pieces. There are pieces of teak and velvet fabric that will give you the desired comfort in your home, office or hotels. You are invited to view these new pieces at our main showroom in Las Vegas before they are moved out to our outlets around the country.
Thank you for your attention, and we look forward to hearing from you on this promotion.
Respectfully,
Pamela Brooks
Sales Manager
Universal Furniture Products
Pamela Brooks
Sales Manager
Universal Furniture Products
4434 Hickory Ridge Drive
Las Vegas, NV 89109
February 12, 2011
To:
Jack C. Watkins
Products Manager
Far East Retailers
3156 Harley Brook Lane
Johnstown, PA 15901
Dear Sir
RE: Product Promotion
Thank you for using Universal Furniture Products.
I am pleased to inform you of Universal’s upcoming furniture promotions. As one of Universal’s loyal clients, we would want you to be the first few to enjoy the specials that we are offering as the new stock comes in from Europe.
The promotion will feature settees, love sofas, bedroom sets, and studio pieces. There are pieces of teak and velvet fabric that will give you the desired comfort in your home, office or hotels. You are invited to view these new pieces at our main showroom in Las Vegas before they are moved out to our outlets around the country.
Thank you for your attention, and we look forward to hearing from you on this promotion.
Respectfully,
Pamela Brooks
Sales Manager
Universal Furniture Products
New Business Introduction letter
A New business introduction letter is sent to potential clients,
suppliers, and business associates by a new business owner or company to
inform its distribution list of its presence in the market. The letter
should be well written with the relevant information about the new
business, especially announcing specialties and promotions that will
impact the recipient’s response.
From:
Raymond D. Adams
Summit Farm Supplies
762 Park Avenue
Flint, MI 48548
February 2, 2011
To :
Whom It May Concern
Dear Valued Customers, Suppliers, Business Associates
RE: New Business Introduction
This letter serves to introduce you to fresh farm supplies at affordable prices and to your convenience.
SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES is a new store in Flint District to provide all the necessary fresh produce that you will want to have a good and healthy meal at home or workplace. SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES is committed to quality with great discounts with quantity.
We are open seven days a week for your fresh produce marketing. Quantity purchases will enjoy a free delivery within a 10 km radius. We can be reached at (820) 838-2737-290.
We look forward to your visit at our new store at Park and Grange. There are signboards well placed for your driving convenience.
Best regards
SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES
From:
Raymond D. Adams
Summit Farm Supplies
762 Park Avenue
Flint, MI 48548
February 2, 2011
To :
Whom It May Concern
Dear Valued Customers, Suppliers, Business Associates
RE: New Business Introduction
This letter serves to introduce you to fresh farm supplies at affordable prices and to your convenience.
SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES is a new store in Flint District to provide all the necessary fresh produce that you will want to have a good and healthy meal at home or workplace. SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES is committed to quality with great discounts with quantity.
We are open seven days a week for your fresh produce marketing. Quantity purchases will enjoy a free delivery within a 10 km radius. We can be reached at (820) 838-2737-290.
We look forward to your visit at our new store at Park and Grange. There are signboards well placed for your driving convenience.
Best regards
SUMMIT FARM SUPPLIES
Office loan application letter
A
loan application letter is written to apply for a loan in bank or a
financial institution. This application is written to get the money you
require for personal use, building a house or buying a car. This sort of
letter is used to give reason for the
loan and the plan of utilizing it. This sort of application helps to
project your needs and how after getting a loan that requirements can be
satisfied.
The letter has to be short and concise. All the details have to be clearly mentioned in the letter. The letter has to be addressed to the authority that will be sanctioning your loan.
Dear Mr. Martin:
As per our telephonic conversation, I am writing an application for the loan that I propose to take from your bank. I have been a loyal customer of your bank for last twenty years. I am planning to buy an apartment and I require a home loan from your bank. I have gone through terms and conditions for the home loan. I accept them all.
I require loan of $ 5000 from your bank. This amount will help me in buying as well as furnishing my apartment. I f you can sanction the loan, I will be obliged and will be in a position of buying the apartment that I have chosen. With your financial assistance, I can build my own home. I will be paying all the installments on time. I have a good credit history, so getting a loan will not be a problem as there are no issues of debts. I am enclosing photocopies of my salary slips, social security number card, house agreement and plan of the apartment with this letter for your perusal.
If you have any queries, you can contact me on phone at (000) 123-456 or email me at loan@gmail.com. I am waiting for a positive reply which will help me in fulfilling my wish of owning an apartment.
Yours sincerely
The letter has to be short and concise. All the details have to be clearly mentioned in the letter. The letter has to be addressed to the authority that will be sanctioning your loan.
Dear Mr. Martin:
As per our telephonic conversation, I am writing an application for the loan that I propose to take from your bank. I have been a loyal customer of your bank for last twenty years. I am planning to buy an apartment and I require a home loan from your bank. I have gone through terms and conditions for the home loan. I accept them all.
I require loan of $ 5000 from your bank. This amount will help me in buying as well as furnishing my apartment. I f you can sanction the loan, I will be obliged and will be in a position of buying the apartment that I have chosen. With your financial assistance, I can build my own home. I will be paying all the installments on time. I have a good credit history, so getting a loan will not be a problem as there are no issues of debts. I am enclosing photocopies of my salary slips, social security number card, house agreement and plan of the apartment with this letter for your perusal.
If you have any queries, you can contact me on phone at (000) 123-456 or email me at loan@gmail.com. I am waiting for a positive reply which will help me in fulfilling my wish of owning an apartment.
Yours sincerely
Business Closing Letter
A business closing letter is written by a company that has to close
its business due to some reason such as poor performance due to the
ailing economy or the retirement/demise of the business owner. The
company writes a business closing letter to inform its customers,
suppliers and business associates of the sad news.
From:
Winter Tailoring Services
889 Ridge Avenue
Las Vegas, NV 89873
February 13, 2011
To :
Whom It May Concern
Dear Sir / Madam
RE: Notification of Business Closing
This letter serves to notify the closing of business for Winter Tailoring Services at the above address.
Thank you for your kind patronage and support to Winter Tailoring Services in its past years of operation, but the fast ailing economy has affected the business drastically for the past couple of years with the little demand of Winter Tailoring Services goods and high expenses in the products material supplies.
Winter Tailoring Services wishes to apologize for any inconvenience caused by this closing notification. Nevertheless, a smaller subsidiary of Winter Tailoring Services can be found at:
2461 Essex Court
South Burlington, VT 05403
We would welcome your continued patronage at the subsidiary of Winter Tailoring Services. The contact number is (730) 277-2938-293.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Winter Tailoring Services
Winter Tailoring Services
889 Ridge Avenue
Las Vegas, NV 89873
February 13, 2011
To :
Whom It May Concern
Dear Sir / Madam
RE: Notification of Business Closing
This letter serves to notify the closing of business for Winter Tailoring Services at the above address.
Thank you for your kind patronage and support to Winter Tailoring Services in its past years of operation, but the fast ailing economy has affected the business drastically for the past couple of years with the little demand of Winter Tailoring Services goods and high expenses in the products material supplies.
Winter Tailoring Services wishes to apologize for any inconvenience caused by this closing notification. Nevertheless, a smaller subsidiary of Winter Tailoring Services can be found at:
2461 Essex Court
South Burlington, VT 05403
We would welcome your continued patronage at the subsidiary of Winter Tailoring Services. The contact number is (730) 277-2938-293.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Winter Tailoring Services
GENERAL ENGLISH-SHORT TRICKS FOR SPOTTING ERROR PART ONE
RULES AND EXAMPLES
1. Some nouns always take a singular verb.
Scenery, advice, information, machinery, stationery, furniture, abuse, fuel, rice, gram, issue, bedding, repair, news, mischief, poetry, business, economics, physics, mathematics, classic, ethics, athletics, innings, gallows.
(A) The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting. (Incorrect)
(B) The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. (Correct)
(A) He has given advices. (Incorrect)
(B) He has given advice. (Correct)
(A) The Indian team defeated the English by innings. (Incorrect)
(B) The Indian team defeated the English by an innings. (Correct)
(A) Mathematics are a difficult subject. (Incorrect)
(B) Mathematics is a good / difficult subject. (Correct)
Note if you have to indicate that the number of news, advice, information or furniture is more than one, the examples listed below can be followed:
(A) I have a lot of news to tell you. (Incorrect)
(B) He has sold many pieces of his furniture. (Correct)
2. Some nouns are singular in form, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a plural verb.
Cattle, gentry, vermin, peasantry, artillery, people, clergy, company, police.
(A) The cattle is grazing in the ground. (Incorrect)
(B) The cattle are grazing in the ground. (Correct)
(A) The clergy is in the church. (Incorrect)
(B) The clergy are in the church. (Correct) 3. Some nouns are always used in a plural form and always take a plural verb.
Trousers, scissors, spectacles, stockings, shorts, measles, goods, alms, premises, thanks, tidings, annals, chattels, etc.
(A) Where is my trousers? Incorrect
(B) Where are my trousers? Correct
(A) Spectacles is now a costly item. Incorrect
(B) Spectacles are now a costly item. Correct
4. There are some nouns that indicate length, measure, money, weight or number. When they are preceded by a numeral, they remain unchanged in form.
Foot, meter, pair, score, dozen, head, year, hundred, thousand, million.
(A) It is a three – years degree course. Incorrect
(B) It is a three – year degree course. Correct
(A) I have ten dozens of shoes. Incorrect
(B) I have ten dozen of shoes. Correct
5. Collective nouns such a jury, public, team, committee, government, audience, orchestra, company, etc. are used both as singular; otherwise the verb will be plural
(A) The jury was divided in this case. Incorrect
(B) The jury were divided in this case. Correct
(A) The team have not come as yet. Incorrect
(B) The team has not come as yet. Correct
6. Some nouns have one meaning in the singular and another in the plural:
Advice = counsel advices = information
Air = atmosphere airs = proud
Authority = command, authorities = persons in power
Good = wise goods = property
Iron = metal irons = fetters, chains
Force = strength forces = army
Content = satisfaction, contents = things contained
Physic = medicine physics = physical sciences,
Respect = regards respects = compliments
Work = job works = compositions, factories,.
Earning = income earnings = showings
Quarter = one – fourth quarters = houses
Examples
(A) Air is necessary for human life.
(B) It is bad to put on airs.
(A) I have eaten one quarter of the cake.
(B) I live in the government quarters.
7. People are often confused or they commit mistake in the use of certain nouns.
(A) Lecturership is wrong: lectureship is correct.
(a) There are twenty candidates for lecturership. Incorrect
(b) There are twenty candidates for lectureship. Correct
(B) Freeship is wrong; free – studentship is correct.
(a) Ramesh has applied for freeship. Incorrect
(b) Ramesh has applied for free – studentship. Correct
(C) Boarding is wrong; boarding house is correct.
(a) Mohan lives in a boarding. Incorrect
(b) Mohan lives in a boarding house. Correct
(D) Family members is wrong; members of the family is correct.
(a) Vivek and Ramesh are my family members. Incorrect
(b) Vivek and Ramesh are the members of my family. Correct
(E) English teacher is wrong; the teacher of English is correct.
(a) Dr. Raina is our English teacher. Incorrect
(b) Dr. Raina is our teacher of English. Correct
(F) Cousin – brother or sister is wrong; only cousin is correct.
(a) Geeta is my cousin sister. Incorrect
(b) Geeta is my cousin. Correct
(G) Room in a compartment or a bench means unoccupied set.
(a) There is no room on this bench. Correct
(H) Our, yours, hers, theirs are correct.
(a) This house is our’s. Incorrect
(b) This house is ours. Correct
Note: The same principle applies to ‘yours ‘, ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’.
(I) Wages means punishments when used in singular.
(a) The wages of sin is death.
(J) It also means charges for the labour when used in plural sense.
(b) The wages of daily workers have been raised.
8. Also remember the subtle difference in the usage of these pairs of nouns
(A) The noun ‘habit’ applies only to an individual whereas ‘custom’ applies to a society or country.
(a) Poor children often become a victim of bad habits.
(b) Tribal in India have many interesting customs.
(B) ‘Cause’ product a result, while ‘reason’ explains or justifies a cause.
(a) Scientists try to find out the cause of a phenomenon.
(b) You have a good reason to be pleased with your students.
(C) ‘Man’ is used in ordinary sense while ‘gentleman’ is a man of character.
(a) Man is mortal.
(b) He is a gentleman at large.
(D) ‘Men’ – plural of man: ‘people’ is used for persons.
(a) There are five men in the room.
(b) The people of Bihar are simple.
(E) ‘Shade’ – a place sheltered from the sun; ‘shadow’ – the shade of a distinct form or object.
(a) The villagers sat under the shade of trees.
(b) He is even afraid of his own shadow.
(F) ‘Cost’ – amount paid by the shopkeeper; ‘price’ – amount paid by the customer.
(a) The cost of production of automobile items has gone up.
(b) Sometimes the buyers have to pay higher price for necessary items.
(G) ‘House’ – a building to live in: ‘Home’ – one’s native place.
(a) Quarters area houses allotted to us for a definite period.
(b) My home town is Muzaffapur.
(H) ‘House’ – a building to live in; ‘Home’ – one’s native place.
(a) The shopkeepers welcome customer with smiles.
(b) The lawyer discusses the cases of his clients.
9. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
For example:
Every man must bring his luggage.
All students must do their home work.
Each of the girls must carry her own bag.
Each students must bring their books.
Each student must bring his books.
10. While using ‘everybody’ ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the feminine gender is used according to the content.
I shall be happy to help each of the boys in this practice.
But when the sex is not mentioned, we use the pronoun of the masculine gender.
Anyone can do this job if he tries.
Each of the six boys in the class has finished their tasks.
Incorrect
Each of the six boys in the class has finished his task.
Correct
11. The pronoun ‘one’ must be followed by ‘one’s’.
One must finish his task in time. Incorrect
One must finish one’s task in time. Correct
12. Enjoy, apply, resign, acquit, drive, exert, avail, pride, absent, etc., when used as transitive verbs, always take a reflexive pronoun after them. When ‘self’ is added to ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘him’, ‘her’, and ‘it’, and ‘selves’ to our and them – they are known as reflexive pronouns.
He absented from the class.
He absented himself form the class.
13. ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ is used for the object?
Whom do you think won the award? Incorrect
Who do you think won the award? Correct
Who area you talking to? Incorrect
Whom are your talking to? Correct
14. When two or more singular nouns are joined together by ‘either or’; ‘neither nor’, ; and ‘or’, the pronoun is singular.
Either Ram or Shyam will give their book. Incorrect
Either Ram or shyam will give his book. Correct
15. When a singular and a plural noun are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, the pronoun must be plural.
Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in his duty. Incorrect
Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in their duty. Correct
16. ‘Whose’ is used for living persons and ‘which’ for lifeless objects.
Which book did you select? Incorrect
Whose photograph is lying there? Correct
What book do you read? Incorrect
Which book do you read? Correct
17. ‘Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one another’ when there are more than two.
Rameo and Juliet loved each other
Those five friends, who are sitting there, love one another.
All the students of the class are friendly; they love each other. Incorrect
All the students of the class are friendly. Correct
18. When a pronoun stands for a collective noun, it must be in the singular number and in the neuter gender if the collective noun is viewed as a whole.
The jury gave ‘its’ verdict.
Here the ‘jury’ gives the idea of one whole.
If the collective noun conveys the idea of separate individuals comprising the whole, the pronoun standing for it must be plural.
The jury were divided in their opinions.
Here, the ‘jury’ gives the idea of several individuals.
The team are divided in this opinion about playing on Sunday. Incorrect
The team are divided in their opinion about playing on Sunday. Correct
19. If pronouns of different persons are to be used together in a sentence, the serial order of persons should be as follows; second person + third + first person in a good normal sentences. But in fault is to be confessed, the order will be; first person + second person + third person. RULE-231
You, he and I have finished the work. Normal sentences
I, you and he are to blame. Confession [memory tool-Put urself first in bad sense/bad works :)] Ram, I and you have finished our studies. Incorrect
You, Ram and I have finished our studies. Correct
20. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentences to express quantity or degree. ‘Any’ is uses in negative or interrogative sentences.
I shall buy some apples.
I shall not buy any apples.
Have you bought any apples?
But ‘some’ may be correctly used in interrogative sentences which are, in fact, requests.
Will you please give me some milk?
I shall read any book. Incorrect
I shall read some book. Correct
Have you bought some apples? Incorrect
Have you bought any apples? Correct
21. The use of ‘few’, ‘a few’’ and ‘the few’ should be used with care. They denote ‘number’.
‘Few’ means ‘not many’. It is the opposite of many. A ‘few’ is positive and means ‘some at least’. It is the opposite of none. ‘The few’ means ‘whatever there is’.
A few men are free from fault. Incorrect
Few men are free from fault. Correct
Here the sense is negative and thus ‘a few’ is wrong.
Few boys will pass in the examination. Incorrect
A few boys will pass in the examination. Correct
Here the sense is positive and thus ‘few’ is incorrect.
I have already read a few books that are on the bookshelf. Incorrect
I have already read t he few books that are on the bookshelf. Correct
Here the sense is ‘whatever there is’.
22. Use of ‘less’ and ‘fewer’
‘Less’ denote quantity and ‘fewer’ denote number.
No less than fifty persons were killed. Incorrect
No fewer than fifty persons were killed. Correct
There are no fewer than five litres of water in the jug. Incorrect
There are no less than five litres of water in the jug. Correct
23. Use of little, a little, the little.
‘Little’ means ‘hardly any’
There is a little hope of his recovery. Incorrect
There is a little hope of his recovery correct
‘A little’ means ‘some’, though not much.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Incorrect
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Correct
‘The little means ‘not much but all there is’.
The little milk that is in the pot may be used for the patient. Incorrect
The little milk that is in the pot may be used for the patient. Correct
24. Use of elder, older.
‘Older’ refers to persons as well as things and is followed by ‘than’.
Ram is elder than all other boys of this area. Incorrect
Ram is older than all other boys of this area. Correct
‘Elder’ is used for members of the family.
Suresh is my older brother. Incorrect
Suresh is my elder brother. Correct
25. normally ‘than’ is used in the comparative degree, but with words like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior and prefer ‘to’ is used.
Shelley is junior than Wordsworth. Incorrect
Shelley is junior to Wordsworth. Correct
I prefer reading than sleeping. Incorrect
I prefer reading to sleeping. Correct
26. when a comparison is made by using a comparative followed by ‘than’, the word ‘other’ must be exclude the thing compared form the class of things with which it is compared.
He is stronger than any man. Incorrect
He is stronger than any other man. Correct
‘Any man’ includes the man himself and thus the sentences will be absurd.
27. In some cases, the comparison is subtle and must be given proper attention.
The climate of Ranchi is better then Gaya. Incorrect
Here the comparison should be between the climate of Ranchi and the climate of Gaya.
The climate of Ranchi is better than the climate of Gaya. Correct
Or
The climate of Ranchi is better than that of Gaya. Correct
‘That of’ means ‘the climate of’
If the traits are in plural, it will be ‘those of’.
The clothes of DCM are better than those of Mafatalal.
The scenery of Kashmir is better than Shimla. Incorrect
The scenery of Kashmir is better than that of shimla. Correct
28. ‘many a’ is always followed by the singular verb.
Many a man were followed by the singular verb. Incorrect
Many a man was drowned in the area. Correct
29. If the subject is ‘the number of’ the singular verb is used.
The number of students are very small. Incorrect
The number of students is very small. Correct
30. When ‘as well as’, ‘along with’, together with’, ‘no less than’, ‘in addition to’ and ‘not’ and ‘with’ join two subjects, the verb will be according to the first subject.
Ram, as well as his ten friends, are going. Incorrect
Ram, as well as his ten friends, is going. Correct
The teacher, along with the students, were going. Incorrect
The teacher, along with the students, was going. Correct
1. Some nouns always take a singular verb.
Scenery, advice, information, machinery, stationery, furniture, abuse, fuel, rice, gram, issue, bedding, repair, news, mischief, poetry, business, economics, physics, mathematics, classic, ethics, athletics, innings, gallows.
(A) The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting. (Incorrect)
(B) The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. (Correct)
(A) He has given advices. (Incorrect)
(B) He has given advice. (Correct)
(A) The Indian team defeated the English by innings. (Incorrect)
(B) The Indian team defeated the English by an innings. (Correct)
(A) Mathematics are a difficult subject. (Incorrect)
(B) Mathematics is a good / difficult subject. (Correct)
Note if you have to indicate that the number of news, advice, information or furniture is more than one, the examples listed below can be followed:
(A) I have a lot of news to tell you. (Incorrect)
(B) He has sold many pieces of his furniture. (Correct)
2. Some nouns are singular in form, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a plural verb.
Cattle, gentry, vermin, peasantry, artillery, people, clergy, company, police.
(A) The cattle is grazing in the ground. (Incorrect)
(B) The cattle are grazing in the ground. (Correct)
(A) The clergy is in the church. (Incorrect)
(B) The clergy are in the church. (Correct) 3. Some nouns are always used in a plural form and always take a plural verb.
Trousers, scissors, spectacles, stockings, shorts, measles, goods, alms, premises, thanks, tidings, annals, chattels, etc.
(A) Where is my trousers? Incorrect
(B) Where are my trousers? Correct
(A) Spectacles is now a costly item. Incorrect
(B) Spectacles are now a costly item. Correct
4. There are some nouns that indicate length, measure, money, weight or number. When they are preceded by a numeral, they remain unchanged in form.
Foot, meter, pair, score, dozen, head, year, hundred, thousand, million.
(A) It is a three – years degree course. Incorrect
(B) It is a three – year degree course. Correct
(A) I have ten dozens of shoes. Incorrect
(B) I have ten dozen of shoes. Correct
5. Collective nouns such a jury, public, team, committee, government, audience, orchestra, company, etc. are used both as singular; otherwise the verb will be plural
(A) The jury was divided in this case. Incorrect
(B) The jury were divided in this case. Correct
(A) The team have not come as yet. Incorrect
(B) The team has not come as yet. Correct
6. Some nouns have one meaning in the singular and another in the plural:
Advice = counsel advices = information
Air = atmosphere airs = proud
Authority = command, authorities = persons in power
Good = wise goods = property
Iron = metal irons = fetters, chains
Force = strength forces = army
Content = satisfaction, contents = things contained
Physic = medicine physics = physical sciences,
Respect = regards respects = compliments
Work = job works = compositions, factories,.
Earning = income earnings = showings
Quarter = one – fourth quarters = houses
Examples
(A) Air is necessary for human life.
(B) It is bad to put on airs.
(A) I have eaten one quarter of the cake.
(B) I live in the government quarters.
7. People are often confused or they commit mistake in the use of certain nouns.
(A) Lecturership is wrong: lectureship is correct.
(a) There are twenty candidates for lecturership. Incorrect
(b) There are twenty candidates for lectureship. Correct
(B) Freeship is wrong; free – studentship is correct.
(a) Ramesh has applied for freeship. Incorrect
(b) Ramesh has applied for free – studentship. Correct
(C) Boarding is wrong; boarding house is correct.
(a) Mohan lives in a boarding. Incorrect
(b) Mohan lives in a boarding house. Correct
(D) Family members is wrong; members of the family is correct.
(a) Vivek and Ramesh are my family members. Incorrect
(b) Vivek and Ramesh are the members of my family. Correct
(E) English teacher is wrong; the teacher of English is correct.
(a) Dr. Raina is our English teacher. Incorrect
(b) Dr. Raina is our teacher of English. Correct
(F) Cousin – brother or sister is wrong; only cousin is correct.
(a) Geeta is my cousin sister. Incorrect
(b) Geeta is my cousin. Correct
(G) Room in a compartment or a bench means unoccupied set.
(a) There is no room on this bench. Correct
(H) Our, yours, hers, theirs are correct.
(a) This house is our’s. Incorrect
(b) This house is ours. Correct
Note: The same principle applies to ‘yours ‘, ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’.
(I) Wages means punishments when used in singular.
(a) The wages of sin is death.
(J) It also means charges for the labour when used in plural sense.
(b) The wages of daily workers have been raised.
8. Also remember the subtle difference in the usage of these pairs of nouns
(A) The noun ‘habit’ applies only to an individual whereas ‘custom’ applies to a society or country.
(a) Poor children often become a victim of bad habits.
(b) Tribal in India have many interesting customs.
(B) ‘Cause’ product a result, while ‘reason’ explains or justifies a cause.
(a) Scientists try to find out the cause of a phenomenon.
(b) You have a good reason to be pleased with your students.
(C) ‘Man’ is used in ordinary sense while ‘gentleman’ is a man of character.
(a) Man is mortal.
(b) He is a gentleman at large.
(D) ‘Men’ – plural of man: ‘people’ is used for persons.
(a) There are five men in the room.
(b) The people of Bihar are simple.
(E) ‘Shade’ – a place sheltered from the sun; ‘shadow’ – the shade of a distinct form or object.
(a) The villagers sat under the shade of trees.
(b) He is even afraid of his own shadow.
(F) ‘Cost’ – amount paid by the shopkeeper; ‘price’ – amount paid by the customer.
(a) The cost of production of automobile items has gone up.
(b) Sometimes the buyers have to pay higher price for necessary items.
(G) ‘House’ – a building to live in: ‘Home’ – one’s native place.
(a) Quarters area houses allotted to us for a definite period.
(b) My home town is Muzaffapur.
(H) ‘House’ – a building to live in; ‘Home’ – one’s native place.
(a) The shopkeepers welcome customer with smiles.
(b) The lawyer discusses the cases of his clients.
9. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
For example:
Every man must bring his luggage.
All students must do their home work.
Each of the girls must carry her own bag.
Each students must bring their books.
Each student must bring his books.
10. While using ‘everybody’ ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the feminine gender is used according to the content.
I shall be happy to help each of the boys in this practice.
But when the sex is not mentioned, we use the pronoun of the masculine gender.
Anyone can do this job if he tries.
Each of the six boys in the class has finished their tasks.
Incorrect
Each of the six boys in the class has finished his task.
Correct
11. The pronoun ‘one’ must be followed by ‘one’s’.
One must finish his task in time. Incorrect
One must finish one’s task in time. Correct
12. Enjoy, apply, resign, acquit, drive, exert, avail, pride, absent, etc., when used as transitive verbs, always take a reflexive pronoun after them. When ‘self’ is added to ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘him’, ‘her’, and ‘it’, and ‘selves’ to our and them – they are known as reflexive pronouns.
He absented from the class.
He absented himself form the class.
13. ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ is used for the object?
Whom do you think won the award? Incorrect
Who do you think won the award? Correct
Who area you talking to? Incorrect
Whom are your talking to? Correct
14. When two or more singular nouns are joined together by ‘either or’; ‘neither nor’, ; and ‘or’, the pronoun is singular.
Either Ram or Shyam will give their book. Incorrect
Either Ram or shyam will give his book. Correct
15. When a singular and a plural noun are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, the pronoun must be plural.
Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in his duty. Incorrect
Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in their duty. Correct
16. ‘Whose’ is used for living persons and ‘which’ for lifeless objects.
Which book did you select? Incorrect
Whose photograph is lying there? Correct
What book do you read? Incorrect
Which book do you read? Correct
17. ‘Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one another’ when there are more than two.
Rameo and Juliet loved each other
Those five friends, who are sitting there, love one another.
All the students of the class are friendly; they love each other. Incorrect
All the students of the class are friendly. Correct
18. When a pronoun stands for a collective noun, it must be in the singular number and in the neuter gender if the collective noun is viewed as a whole.
The jury gave ‘its’ verdict.
Here the ‘jury’ gives the idea of one whole.
If the collective noun conveys the idea of separate individuals comprising the whole, the pronoun standing for it must be plural.
The jury were divided in their opinions.
Here, the ‘jury’ gives the idea of several individuals.
The team are divided in this opinion about playing on Sunday. Incorrect
The team are divided in their opinion about playing on Sunday. Correct
19. If pronouns of different persons are to be used together in a sentence, the serial order of persons should be as follows; second person + third + first person in a good normal sentences. But in fault is to be confessed, the order will be; first person + second person + third person. RULE-231
You, he and I have finished the work. Normal sentences
I, you and he are to blame. Confession [memory tool-Put urself first in bad sense/bad works :)] Ram, I and you have finished our studies. Incorrect
You, Ram and I have finished our studies. Correct
20. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentences to express quantity or degree. ‘Any’ is uses in negative or interrogative sentences.
I shall buy some apples.
I shall not buy any apples.
Have you bought any apples?
But ‘some’ may be correctly used in interrogative sentences which are, in fact, requests.
Will you please give me some milk?
I shall read any book. Incorrect
I shall read some book. Correct
Have you bought some apples? Incorrect
Have you bought any apples? Correct
21. The use of ‘few’, ‘a few’’ and ‘the few’ should be used with care. They denote ‘number’.
‘Few’ means ‘not many’. It is the opposite of many. A ‘few’ is positive and means ‘some at least’. It is the opposite of none. ‘The few’ means ‘whatever there is’.
A few men are free from fault. Incorrect
Few men are free from fault. Correct
Here the sense is negative and thus ‘a few’ is wrong.
Few boys will pass in the examination. Incorrect
A few boys will pass in the examination. Correct
Here the sense is positive and thus ‘few’ is incorrect.
I have already read a few books that are on the bookshelf. Incorrect
I have already read t he few books that are on the bookshelf. Correct
Here the sense is ‘whatever there is’.
22. Use of ‘less’ and ‘fewer’
‘Less’ denote quantity and ‘fewer’ denote number.
No less than fifty persons were killed. Incorrect
No fewer than fifty persons were killed. Correct
There are no fewer than five litres of water in the jug. Incorrect
There are no less than five litres of water in the jug. Correct
23. Use of little, a little, the little.
‘Little’ means ‘hardly any’
There is a little hope of his recovery. Incorrect
There is a little hope of his recovery correct
‘A little’ means ‘some’, though not much.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Incorrect
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Correct
‘The little means ‘not much but all there is’.
The little milk that is in the pot may be used for the patient. Incorrect
The little milk that is in the pot may be used for the patient. Correct
24. Use of elder, older.
‘Older’ refers to persons as well as things and is followed by ‘than’.
Ram is elder than all other boys of this area. Incorrect
Ram is older than all other boys of this area. Correct
‘Elder’ is used for members of the family.
Suresh is my older brother. Incorrect
Suresh is my elder brother. Correct
25. normally ‘than’ is used in the comparative degree, but with words like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior and prefer ‘to’ is used.
Shelley is junior than Wordsworth. Incorrect
Shelley is junior to Wordsworth. Correct
I prefer reading than sleeping. Incorrect
I prefer reading to sleeping. Correct
26. when a comparison is made by using a comparative followed by ‘than’, the word ‘other’ must be exclude the thing compared form the class of things with which it is compared.
He is stronger than any man. Incorrect
He is stronger than any other man. Correct
‘Any man’ includes the man himself and thus the sentences will be absurd.
27. In some cases, the comparison is subtle and must be given proper attention.
The climate of Ranchi is better then Gaya. Incorrect
Here the comparison should be between the climate of Ranchi and the climate of Gaya.
The climate of Ranchi is better than the climate of Gaya. Correct
Or
The climate of Ranchi is better than that of Gaya. Correct
‘That of’ means ‘the climate of’
If the traits are in plural, it will be ‘those of’.
The clothes of DCM are better than those of Mafatalal.
The scenery of Kashmir is better than Shimla. Incorrect
The scenery of Kashmir is better than that of shimla. Correct
28. ‘many a’ is always followed by the singular verb.
Many a man were followed by the singular verb. Incorrect
Many a man was drowned in the area. Correct
29. If the subject is ‘the number of’ the singular verb is used.
The number of students are very small. Incorrect
The number of students is very small. Correct
30. When ‘as well as’, ‘along with’, together with’, ‘no less than’, ‘in addition to’ and ‘not’ and ‘with’ join two subjects, the verb will be according to the first subject.
Ram, as well as his ten friends, are going. Incorrect
Ram, as well as his ten friends, is going. Correct
The teacher, along with the students, were going. Incorrect
The teacher, along with the students, was going. Correct
GENERAL ENGLISH- Important synonyms
1. abandon - discontinue
2. abnegation - self denial
3. abrade - roughen
4. abridge - shorten
5. abroad - overseas
6. accord - agreement
7. admit - confess
8. affable - friendly
9. agree - consent
10. alike - same
11. allow - permit
12. amazing - wonderful
13. amenities - courtesies
14. amount - quantity
15. anathema - curse
16. anger - enrage
17. angry - furious
18. angry - mad
19. answer - reply
20. answer - response
21. ask - inquire
22. attire - dress
23. away - absent
24. awful - terrible
25. baby - infant
26. bad - wicked
27. barbarian - uncivilized
28. bashful - confident
29. beautiful - pretty
30. becoming - fitting
31. beg - implore
32. begin - commence
33. begin initiate
34. belly - stomach
35. bemoan - mourn
36. berate - scold
37. big - huge
38. big - large
39. bizarre - weird
40. blank - empty
41. brave - bold
42. brave - courageous
43. break - smash
44. bright - shining
45. broad - wide
46. bucket - pail
47. busy - active
48. calamity - disaster
49. calm - quiet
50. candy - sweets
51. cash - sprint
52. center - middle
53. change - transform
54. chiefly - mainly
55. choosy - picky
56. close - shut
57. collect - gather
58. come - arrive
59. commemorate - remember
60. complete - total
61. confine - restrict
62. confuse - mixed Up
63. connoisseur - specialist
64. considerate - thoughtful
65. contrary - opposite
66. cool - chilly
67. correct - right
68. crooked - curved
69. cry - bellow
70. cunning - clever
71. cut - prick
72. dangerous - hazardous
73. dangerous - risky
74. dark - dim
75. dawdle - evaluate
76. daybreak - dawn
77. debilitate - weaken
78. decide - determine
79. dedicated - committed
80. definite - distinct
81. deflect - pervert
82. deify - worship
83. deliberate - planned
84. delicate - fragile
85. delicious - palatable
86. denounce - condemn
87. describe - portray
88. destiny - fate
89. destroy - ruin
90. difference - dissimilarity
91. diligent - industrious
92. disclose - reveal
93. discount - reduction
94. disgrace - shame
95. disparity - unlikeness
96. dissolute - immortal
97. do - execute
98. dull - tiresome
99. eager - curious
100. eager - keen
3. abrade - roughen
4. abridge - shorten
5. abroad - overseas
6. accord - agreement
7. admit - confess
8. affable - friendly
9. agree - consent
10. alike - same
11. allow - permit
12. amazing - wonderful
13. amenities - courtesies
14. amount - quantity
15. anathema - curse
16. anger - enrage
17. angry - furious
18. angry - mad
19. answer - reply
20. answer - response
21. ask - inquire
22. attire - dress
23. away - absent
24. awful - terrible
25. baby - infant
26. bad - wicked
27. barbarian - uncivilized
28. bashful - confident
29. beautiful - pretty
30. becoming - fitting
31. beg - implore
32. begin - commence
33. begin initiate
34. belly - stomach
35. bemoan - mourn
36. berate - scold
37. big - huge
38. big - large
39. bizarre - weird
40. blank - empty
41. brave - bold
42. brave - courageous
43. break - smash
44. bright - shining
45. broad - wide
46. bucket - pail
47. busy - active
48. calamity - disaster
49. calm - quiet
50. candy - sweets
51. cash - sprint
52. center - middle
53. change - transform
54. chiefly - mainly
55. choosy - picky
56. close - shut
57. collect - gather
58. come - arrive
59. commemorate - remember
60. complete - total
61. confine - restrict
62. confuse - mixed Up
63. connoisseur - specialist
64. considerate - thoughtful
65. contrary - opposite
66. cool - chilly
67. correct - right
68. crooked - curved
69. cry - bellow
70. cunning - clever
71. cut - prick
72. dangerous - hazardous
73. dangerous - risky
74. dark - dim
75. dawdle - evaluate
76. daybreak - dawn
77. debilitate - weaken
78. decide - determine
79. dedicated - committed
80. definite - distinct
81. deflect - pervert
82. deify - worship
83. deliberate - planned
84. delicate - fragile
85. delicious - palatable
86. denounce - condemn
87. describe - portray
88. destiny - fate
89. destroy - ruin
90. difference - dissimilarity
91. diligent - industrious
92. disclose - reveal
93. discount - reduction
94. disgrace - shame
95. disparity - unlikeness
96. dissolute - immortal
97. do - execute
98. dull - tiresome
99. eager - curious
100. eager - keen
GENERAL ENGLISH- Articles
Articles
She is working for an insurance company.
I have been to the doctor.
Can I talk to the manager?
They have a house in the city.
Can I use your car?
He is my friend.
Who is that boy in the red shirt?
Milk is rich in nutrients.
Is there any milk in the bottle?
Water is precious.
Time is money.
Revenge is the main theme of this play.
I have been to the doctor. (Which doctor? My doctor.)
The book you want is out of print. (Which book? The one you want.)
The child was crying. (Which child? The one I met in the store.)
Let us go to the park. (Which park? The one in the town.)
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
The earth is the only planet that supports life.
The accused was sent on bail.
The educated should teach the illiterate.
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
Can the leopard change its spots?
The camel is the ship of the desert.
They have a big house in the city.
You had better consult a doctor.
I saw a hawker selling his wares on the street.
A man came and knocked at the door.
A spider has eight legs. (=any spider)
A dog is faithful to its master.
A parrot can repeat what you say.
Computers are expensive.
Time is money.
She is beautiful. (NOT She is a beautiful.)
Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT ...the South Africa)
The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
The Sharmas are very kind.
President Kennedy was assassinated.
I was born in 1979.
I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT ...the next week.)
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
She married an old man.
A girl answered the phone.
I went to the doctor yesterday.
The girl who answered the phone was polite. (You know which girl - the one who answered the phone.)
An apple is red.
Spiders have eight legs.
Teachers must have patience.
Apples are red.
Computers are expensive.
I would like to learn the violin.
Have you got (any) rice?
Do you like eggs? (No idea of number)
Is there any milk in the bottle? (Limited quantity)
Milk has a sweet taste. (No idea of quantity)
We bought a lot of apples yesterday.
Apples are red. (General statement)
I would like a little coffee, please.
We planted some trees in the garden. (Limited number)
There were trees on either side of the road. (No idea of number)
I met her at the college. (The college is just a meeting place.)
The
articles a/an (the indefinite article) and the (the definite
article) belong to a group of words called determiners. They normally go at the
beginning of noun phrases.
Alice is a financial advisor.She is working for an insurance company.
I have been to the doctor.
Can I talk to the manager?
What are
articles used for?
Articles
are used to show whether we are talking about things that are known both to the
speaker and to the listener or that are not known to them both. Articles can
also show whether we are talking about things in general or particular things.
Points to
be noted
A singular countable
noun normally has an article or other
determiner (my, this, her, some etc.) with it. We can say a dog, my dog,
that dog or every dog, but not just dog.
I saw a child in the
store. They have a house in the city.
Can I use your car?
He is my friend.
Who is that boy in the red shirt?
Plural
and uncountable nouns can be used with or without an article or other
determiner.
Children usually rush about. Milk is rich in nutrients.
Is there any milk in the bottle?
Water is precious.
Time is money.
The Definite Article
The is called the definite article because it is used to refer to a
particular person or thing.
Call the man waiting
outside. Revenge is the main theme of this play.
Uses
To talk
about a person/thing already mentioned
When a person/thing has been mentioned
earlier, the definite article is used in later references to that particular
person/thing.
I saw a beggar near
the bus stop; the fellow came to me with outstretched hands.
To talk
about a person/thing known to the listener
We use the definite article (the) before a noun when we expect the
listener/reader to know which particular person(s) or thing(s) we are talking
about.
Can I talk to the
manager? (The listener knows which person is meant.) I have been to the doctor. (Which doctor? My doctor.)
The book you want is out of print. (Which book? The one you want.)
The child was crying. (Which child? The one I met in the store.)
Let us go to the park. (Which park? The one in the town.)
To talk
about unique things or events
We use the to talk about unique things
or events.
The French Revolution began in 1789. (Unique:
because there has been only one French revolution.) The Nile is the longest river in the world.
Most nouns that represent things that are the
only ones of their kind also take the before them.
Examples are: the sun, the moon, the earth,
the city, the Nile, the country, the sea, the weather etc.
This use of the is possible even when
we are talking about somebody/something that the listener knows nothing about?
You don’t know the
Hiltons, do you? (The use of the makes it clear that there is
only one Hilton family in the speaker’s social environment.)
With
expressions referring to our physical environment
The
is used in a number of expressions referring to our physical environment.
Examples are: the town, the weather, the
rain, the wind, the country, the sunshine, the sea, the city etc.
I prefer the country to
the city. The earth is the only planet that supports life.
With
adjectives referring to a particular class of people
We use the before certain adjectives referring to a
particular class of people.
Examples are: the blind, the dead, the poor,
the disabled etc.
The rich are not always happy. The accused was sent on bail.
The educated should teach the illiterate.
With
superlatives
Superlative adjectives take the before them.
She is the eldest member
in the family. The Nile is the longest river in the world.
With
singular nouns that represent a whole class
We use the before a singular noun when it is
used to represent the whole class of things to which it belongs.
The lotus is a lovely flower. Can the leopard change its spots?
The camel is the ship of the desert.
The indefinite article
A singular countable
noun always has an article or another
determiner with it.
The indefinite article a/an is used to
talk about one particular person or thing when the listener does not know which
one is meant, or when it does not matter which one.
She married an old man. They have a big house in the city.
You had better consult a doctor.
I saw a hawker selling his wares on the street.
A man came and knocked at the door.
A/an is also used to talk about any one member of a class.
A teacher must have patience. (=any
teacher) A spider has eight legs. (=any spider)
A dog is faithful to its master.
A parrot can repeat what you say.
Cases where the indefinite article should not be used
With
plural and uncountable nouns
The indefinite article cannot used before
plural and uncountable nouns.
Apples are red. Computers are expensive.
Time is money.
With
possessives
We cannot use the indefinite article with
possessives. We use double possessives instead.
He is a friend of mine. (NOT
He is a my friend.)
With
adjectives without nouns
We cannot use the indefinite article with an
adjective alone (without a noun).
She is a beautiful girl. She is beautiful. (NOT She is a beautiful.)
Cases where articles should not be used
With uncountable nouns
Articles are not used with uncountable nouns when we make general statements.
I love coffee. (NOT...
a coffee OR the coffee) Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
With the
names of countries
We do not use articles with the names of
countries.
Japan is a developed nation. (NOT
The Japan) I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT ...the South Africa)
But we use 'the' if the name of the
country or organization specifically states that it is a collection of states.
(For example, The United States, The United Arab Emirates, The United Nations
etc.)
He is leaving for the
United States tomorrow. The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
With the
names of languages
We do not use articles with the names of
languages.
Hindi is the national language of
India.It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
With the
names of meals
We do not use articles with the names of meals.
We have lunch at
midday. (NOT...the lunch) We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
With
proper nouns
We do not use articles with proper nouns (the
names of people, places etc.)
Alice is an architect. (NOT
The Alice or a Alice) Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
But we use 'the' with plural names.
We are having dinner with the
Smiths. The Sharmas are very kind.
With
titles and names
We do not use articles with titles and names.
Princess Diana was killed in a car
accident. President Kennedy was assassinated.
But we say, the queen of England, the President
of USA
With years
We do not use articles before years.
India won freedom in 1947.
(NOT...in the 1947) I was born in 1979.
With
possessives and demonstratives
We do not use articles before possessives
(my, your, their etc.) and demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
This is my book. (NOT
This is a my book.) I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
With days
Articles are not used to talk about the
coming or last day/month.
See you on Friday. (=Coming
Friday)We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT ...the next week.)
But we use articles with the names of days of
the week and months if we are talking about particular days or months.
We met on a rainy Friday.
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
What to use - a/an or the?
The indefinite
article a/an is used to talk about one particular person or thing when
the listener does not know which one is meant.
I saw a child in the toy store.She married an old man.
A girl answered the phone.
The definite
article is used when the listener knows which particular person or thing is
meant.
The child was
crying. (You know which child - the one I met in the toy store.) I went to the doctor yesterday.
The girl who answered the phone was polite. (You know which girl - the one who answered the phone.)
The first time
you speak of something/somebody use a/an, the next time you repeat the
same noun use the.
To talk about
things in general, we normally use a singular countable noun with a/an.
A spider has eight
legs. An apple is red.
Note that we
can also use a plural noun with no article to make a general statement.
Children need love. Spiders have eight legs.
Teachers must have patience.
Apples are red.
Computers are expensive.
Sometimes we
use a singular noun with the to make general statements. This is
particularly common before the names of instruments and inventions.
Who invented the computer? I would like to learn the violin.
The difference between some/any and no article
Uncountable and plural nouns are often used
either with some/any or with no article. Usually there is no difference
of meaning.
I need (some) writing paper.Have you got (any) rice?
The
difference
We use some/any when we are talking
about limited but rather indefinite number or quantities. We use no article
when we are thinking about unlimited numbers or quantities, or not thinking
about numbers/quantities at all.
Compare:
We have bought some eggs.
(Limited quantity) Do you like eggs? (No idea of number)
Is there any milk in the bottle? (Limited quantity)
Milk has a sweet taste. (No idea of quantity)
We bought a lot of apples yesterday.
Apples are red. (General statement)
I would like a little coffee, please.
We planted some trees in the garden. (Limited number)
There were trees on either side of the road. (No idea of number)
Common expressions without articles
In some common
fixed expressions to do with place, time and movement, normally countable nouns
are treated as uncountable, without articles. Examples are:
To/at/in/from
school
To/at/from university/college (GB)
To/in/from college (US)
To/at/in/into/from church
To/in/into/out of bed/prison
To/in/into/out of hospital (GB)
To/at/from work
To/at sea
To/in/from town
At/from home
Leave/start/enter school/university/college
By day
At night
By car/bus/bicycle/plane/train/tube/boat
On foot
By radio/phone/letter/mail
To/at/from university/college (GB)
To/in/from college (US)
To/at/in/into/from church
To/in/into/out of bed/prison
To/in/into/out of hospital (GB)
To/at/from work
To/at sea
To/in/from town
At/from home
Leave/start/enter school/university/college
By day
At night
By car/bus/bicycle/plane/train/tube/boat
On foot
By radio/phone/letter/mail
With place
nouns, similar expressions with articles may have different meanings.
Compare:
I met her at college. (When we were students)I met her at the college. (The college is just a meeting place.)
In American
English, university and hospital are not used without articles.
Articles: special rules and exceptions
Articles are often dropped in double
expressions, particularly with prepositions. Examples are:
With knife and fork (NOT With a knife and a
fork) (NOT With a knife and fork)
Husband and wife (NOT a husband and a wife)
From top to bottom (NOT From the top to the bottom)
Inch by inch
On land and sea
Husband and wife (NOT a husband and a wife)
From top to bottom (NOT From the top to the bottom)
Inch by inch
On land and sea
Note that articles are not usually dropped
when singular nouns follow prepositions.
You can’t get there without a car. (NOT You can’t get there
without car.)
Both and all
The definite article the is often
dropped after both.
Both children are good at singing.
OR Both the children are good at singing.
OR Both the children are good at singing.
And we often leave out the between all and a number.
You can take all the three shirts.
OR You can take all three shirts.
OR You can take all three shirts.
Kind of
The article a/an is usually dropped
after kind of, sort of, type of and similar expressions.
What kind of person is she? (NOT What
kind of a person is she?)
What sort of bird is that?
What sort of bird is that?
Exclamations
We use a/an with singular countable nouns in exclamations after what.
What a pretty girl! (NOT What pretty girl!)
What a sweet song!
What a sweet song!
Note that a/an cannot be used with
uncountable nouns.
What nonsense! (NOT What a nonsense!)
Place names
Articles are used with the names of:
Seas (the Pacific, the Atlantic)
Mountains (the Alps, the Himalayas)
Island groups (the West Indies)
Rivers (the Nile, the Amazon, the Thames)
Deserts (the Sahara, the Atacama)
Mountains (the Alps, the Himalayas)
Island groups (the West Indies)
Rivers (the Nile, the Amazon, the Thames)
Deserts (the Sahara, the Atacama)
We usually use no article with the names of
continents, countries, states, departments etc. Examples are: Asia, India,
France, Texas, Beijing etc.
Exceptions
We say: the People’s Republic of
China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands,
the Hague
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